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Post by hartman756 on Jul 10, 2015 11:56:58 GMT -5
Lets see if I can get it to post......Thanks to Jim Sweeny for taking the time to get it and send it out to those that are on his email list !!
OK It seems like most of the text posted but not all the breakdowns of the numbers ............
A survey of deer hunters was conducted following the 2014 hunting seasons to estimate hunter participation, harvest, and hunting effort. In 2014, an estimated 614,593 hunters spent 8.8 million days afield. Statewide, the number of people hunting decreased significantly by 7% between 2013 and 2014. Hunters harvested about 329,000 deer. Harvest declined significantly by 15% from 2013. Statewide, 41% of hunters harvested a deer in 2014. About 20% of the hunters took an antlerless deer and 27% took an antlered buck in 2014.
Approximately 11% of deer hunters harvested two or more deer of any type. Less than 4% of hunters statewide harvested two antlered bucks. Levels of satisfaction with numbers of deer seen, bucks seen, deer taken, and overall deer hunting experience statewide declined significantly in 2014 from 2013. Statewide, 39% of hunters were satisfied with their overall hunting experience in 2014, and satisfaction was highest in the Lower Peninsula. About 174,558 hunters used a crossbow during the 2014 archery season, and they harvested approximately 59,266 deer with the crossbow. About 12% fewer individuals purchased a deer hunting license in 2014 than ten years ago in 2004. Although the overall number of license buyers declined from 2004, an increased number of people younger than 14 years of age and people older than 50 purchased a license in 2014. Over 12% of the license buyers in 2014 were younger than 17 years old.
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INTRODUCTION
The Natural Resources Commission (NRC) and Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR) have the authority and responsibility to protect and manage the wildlife resources of the state of Michigan. Harvest surveys are one of the management tools used to accomplish this statutory responsibility. Estimating hunter participation, harvest, and hunting effort (hereafter referred to as estimates) are the primary objectives of these surveys. Estimates derived from harvest surveys as well as information from deer (Odocoileus virginianus) harvest check stations, deer pellet group surveys, trends in deer-vehicle collisions, population modeling, and input received from the public are used to monitor deer populations and establish harvest regulations.
Estimating harvest, hunter numbers, and hunting effort were the primary objectives of the deer harvest survey. This survey also provided an opportunity to collect information about management issues. Questions were added to the questionnaire to investigate hunter satisfaction with the 2014 hunting season and deer numbers. Deer hunters were also asked whether they supported the antler point restrictions that were enacted in the Upper Peninsula (UP) and Deer Management Unit (DMU) 487 (northeast Lower Peninsula).
Deer were grouped into either antlered or antlerless deer when developing hunting regulations. Antlered deer included deer with at least one antler three inches or longer, and antlerless deer included deer without antlers and deer with antlers less than 3 inches in length. The type of deer that could be harvested by hunters depended upon the hunting season and license purchased (Table 1). During 2014, deer could be harvested primarily during the following hunting seasons: Liberty, archery, regular firearm, muzzleloader, early antlerless, late antlerless, and Independence.
For 2014, hunting license types and prices were revised (see Public Act 108 of 2013). As a result, the separate firearm and archery deer licenses that were available in 2013 were replaced by the single deer license in 2014.
In order to harvest a deer, hunters had to possess a hunting license (deer, combination, antlerless, mentored youth license, or antlerless) (Table 1). A harvest tag was issued as part of the hunting license. Deer, mentored youth, and antlerless licenses included one harvest tag, while combination licenses had two harvest tags.
Hunters could purchase a maximum of two licenses for taking antlered deer. Hunters wanting to harvest only one antlered deer could purchase a single deer license (one kill tag), while hunters wanting to take two antlered deer could purchase a combination license (two kill tags). Hunters who purchased a single deer license could not purchase a second deer license or a combination license.
A deer license allowed a person to take a single deer of either sex during archery seasons or one deer with at least one antler three inches or longer, except in DMU 487 where it could also be used to take an antlerless deer in the firearm and muzzleloader seasons (Table 1). A person with a combination license could take two deer of either sex during the archery
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season, two antlered deer during the firearm season, or one antlered deer during each season, except in DMU 487 where it could also be used to take two antlerless deer in the firearm and muzzleloader seasons (Table 1). If two antlered deer were taken, one needed to have at least one antler with four or more points (qualifying points must be at least one inch), except for deer taken by mentored youth hunters. A person with a mentored youth license could use their one harvest tag to take a deer of either sex during the archery, firearm, or muzzleloader seasons. In addition, hunters with a mentored youth license could use their harvest tag to take one deer of either sex in the Liberty Season.
Antler point restrictions were adopted in 2008 for the taking of antlered deer (bucks) in the UP. Under this regulation, the regular buck tag of a combination deer license could only be used to tag a buck with at least three antler points on one side. The restricted tag could only be placed on a buck with a minimum of four points on one side. Hunters who chose to purchase only a deer license were restricted to one buck only (without any antler point restrictions) in the UP, all seasons combined.
The same antler point restrictions that were adopted in the UP in 2008 were implemented in DMU 487 in the northeast Lower Peninsula (LP) in 2010. In addition, hunters in DMU 487 could use any deer hunting license (including the combination license) to take an antlerless deer during the firearm or muzzleloader seasons. Deer Management Unit 487 included Alcona, Alpena, Iosco, Montmorency, Oscoda, and Presque Isle counties.
Antlerless licenses could be purchased in addition to deer, mentored youth, or combination licenses. Antlerless deer licenses allowed hunters to take antlerless deer during any season with equipment appropriate for the season. Use of each antlerless license was restricted to a single DMU designated at the time of purchase. Antlerless licenses were available for most of the state, except in nineteen DMUs (007, 017, 021, 022, 027, 031, 036, 042, 048, 066, 117, 121, 127, 131, 152, 249, 252, 255, and 349) in the UP. A limited number of antlerless licenses were issued specifically for either public or private lands. Public land antlerless licenses were not available in all DMUs that had private land licenses. A public-land antlerless deer license was required to hunt antlerless deer on Commercial Forest land. The number of licenses available in DMUs open to antlerless deer hunting was established by the NRC (Appendix A). Hunters could apply for an antlerless license through the drawing, purchase a private land license for selected areas without application, or wait to purchase a leftover license after the drawing, if available.
A private land antlerless deer hunting license was valid for taking antlerless deer only from privately-owned lands within the DMU specified on the license with landowner permission. A private land license was not valid on land enrolled in the Commercial Forest Act program (Commercial Forest Lands). Hunters could purchase two private land antlerless deer licenses each day, except for private land antlerless licenses for DMU 487 and public land antlerless licenses for DMU 452 where hunters could purchase five licenses each day. Furthermore, hunters were limited to a maximum of five private land antlerless deer licenses for the entire year, except for DMU 487 where hunters were limited to ten private land licenses. There was no seasonal limit for the number of public land antlerless licenses that could be purchased.
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Deer Management Unit 487 included private land in DMUs 001, 004, 035, 060, 068, 071, 135 and 452. A private land antlerless deer license for DMU 487 was valid on private land within any of the eight subunits.
A public land antlerless deer hunting license allowed an individual to hunt for antlerless deer upon publicly-owned lands (including state, federal, and county lands) open to hunting and Commercial Forest Lands within the DMU for which it was issued. A public land license was invalid on any privately-owned lands except Commercial Forest Lands.
The Pure Michigan Hunt (PMH) was a unique multi-species hunting opportunity offered for the first time in 2010. Individuals could purchase an unlimited number of applications for the PMH. Three individuals were randomly chosen from all applications, and winners received elk, bear, spring turkey, fall turkey, and antlerless deer hunting licenses and could participate in a reserved waterfowl hunt on a managed waterfowl area. The antlerless deer hunting license was valid for all areas open for hunting antlerless deer and during all deer hunting seasons in which they were eligible to participate.
Deer Management Assistance (DMA) permits were special antlerless permits issued to landowners where the number of antlerless licenses was insufficient to meet the objective of specific landowners (e.g., controlling disease, crop damage, or deer abundance). These permits allowed hunters to take one antlerless deer per permit during any deer season on the land where issued or adjacent private lands with the landowner’s permission. To use these permits, the hunter also must have purchased a valid deer hunting license for the season in which they were hunting and abide by all other hunting regulations.
Managed Deer Hunt permits were antlerless permits that could be used during special seasons on some public lands (e.g., state parks, state wildlife areas, and some federal land). These permits were issued by special random drawings. To use these permits, the hunter also must have purchased a valid deer hunting license and abide by all other hunting regulations.
The Liberty Season was held during September 20-21 on public and private lands statewide. Youth (less than 17 years old) and disabled hunters could take no more than one deer during the season. Eligible disabled hunters included hunters issued a permit to use a laser-sighting device or to hunt from a standing vehicle, veterans with 100% disability as defined by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, or legally blind people could participate in this season. Hunters could take one deer of either sex using a deer or combination license, and antler point restrictions did not apply to taking antlered deer. Only an antlerless deer could be taken with an antlerless license or DMA permit. Youth less than 14 years of age could hunt with archery and crossbow equipment on public or private lands or with a firearm on private or Commercial Forest lands only. All hunters under age 17 hunting with a firearm had to be accompanied by a parent, guardian or someone designated by their parent or guardian. In addition, hunters under 10 years of age had to be licensed through the Mentored Youth Hunting Program and accompanied by a qualified mentor.
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The archery season occurred statewide on public and private lands. This season was divided into early and late segments (October 1 through November 14 and December 1, 2014, through January 1, 2015). Deer licenses, antlerless deer licenses, combination licenses, mentored youth licenses, and DMA permits could be used to take deer during the archery seasons using archery equipment.
Deer could also be taken during the Independence Hunt October 16-19, 2014. Hunters could take one deer of either sex on private lands or public lands requiring an access permit. Hunters could use a deer or combination license, and antler point restrictions did not apply to taking antlered deer. Only an antlerless deer could be taken with an antlerless license or DMA permit. Only hunters that were issued a permit to use a laser-sighting device or to hunt from a standing vehicle; veterans with 100% disability as defined by the United States
Department of Veterans Affairs; or legally blind people could participate in this season.
The statewide regular firearm season occurred November 15-30. The muzzleloader season was held December 5-14 in the UP and Northern LP, and December 5-21 in the Southern LP. Hunters were allowed to take deer on both public and private lands with mentored youth, deer and deer combo hunting licenses during the regular firearm and muzzleloader seasons.
Antlerless licenses (including DMA permits) also could be used during the firearm seasons.
The early antlerless firearm season occurred from September 20-21. Hunters pursuing deer during this season had to purchase an antlerless or mentored youth license, possess an unused antlerless harvest tag (including DMA permits), and were limited to hunting on private land. The area open to hunting during the early antlerless season was limited to all or portions of 32 counties in the LP (Alcona, Alpena, Antrim, Arenac, Bay, Benzie, Charlevoix, Genesee, Grand Traverse, Hillsdale, Huron, Iosco, Isabella, Jackson, Lapeer, Leelanau,
Lenawee, Livingston, Macomb, Manistee, Midland, Monroe, Montmorency, Oakland, Oscoda, Presque Isle, St. Clair, Saginaw, Sanilac, Tuscola, Washtenaw, and Wayne). Eighteen fewer counties were open in 2014 than in 2013.
The late antlerless firearm season occurred from December 22, 2014, through January 1, 2015. Hunters pursuing deer during this season had to have purchased an antlerless or mentored youth license, possess an unused antlerless harvest tag (including DMA permits), and were limited to hunting on private land. All counties open during the early antlerless firearm season were also open for the late antlerless firearm season, as well as 22 additional counties: Allegan, Barry, Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Clinton, Eaton, Gratiot, Ingham, Ionia, Kalamazoo, Kent, Mecosta, Montcalm, Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, Ottawa, St. Joseph, Shiawassee, and Van Buren. Four additional counties were open to hunting during the 2014 late antlerless season than in 2013.
Crossbows were legal to use during all archery and firearm seasons statewide, except in the UP, where crossbow use was prohibited during the late archery and muzzleloader seasons, unless the hunter was disabled.
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METHODS
The Wildlife Division provided all hunters the option to report information about their deer hunting activity voluntarily via the internet. This option was advertised through the hunting regulation booklet (digest) and on the DNR website, and an email message was sent to all license buyers that had provided an email address to the DNR (121,033). Hunters reported whether they hunted, the days spent afield, and whether they harvested a deer. Deer hunters were also asked whether they supported the antler point restrictions in the UP and DMU 487. Following the 2014 deer hunting seasons, a questionnaire was sent to 58,857 randomly selected individuals who had purchased a hunting license (firearm, archery, antlerless, mentored youth, or combination deer hunting licenses) and had not already voluntarily reported harvest information via the internet. Hunters receiving the questionnaire were asked the same questions as asked via the internet. Hunters were instructed not to report hunting effort and harvest associated with DMA permits because landowners obtaining these permits already were required to report the number of deer harvested to the DNR.
Estimates were based primarily on information collected from random samples of hunting license buyers. Thus, these estimates were subject to sampling errors (Cochran 1977). Estimates were calculated using a stratified random sampling design (Cochran 1977) and were presented along with their 95% confidence limit (CL). In theory, this CL can be added and subtracted from the estimate to calculate the 95% confidence interval. The confidence interval is a measure of the precision associated with the estimate and implies the true value would be within this interval 95 times out of 100. Unfortunately, there are several other possible sources of error in surveys that are probably more serious than theoretical calculations of sampling error. They include failure of participants to provide answers (nonresponse bias), question wording, and question order. It is very difficult to measure these biases.
License buyers were assigned to one of five groups (strata) based on the type of license purchased and season that it was valid. The first stratum consisted of people eligible only for the archery, regular firearm, and muzzleloader hunting seasons (N = 409,511). The second stratum consisted of people eligible to hunt during archery, regular firearm, muzzleloader, early antlerless, and late antlerless seasons (N = 189,389). The third stratum consisted of people eligible to hunt during archery, regular firearm, muzzleloader, late antlerless, and Liberty seasons (N = 55,702). The fourth stratum consisted of 5,939 people that were eligible to participate in the special disabled hunts. Beginning in 2013, disabled veterans could obtain a free deer hunting license (i.e., Disabled Veteran license type). A unique type of hunting license was not available for non-veteran hunters with disabilities; however, disabled hunters younger than 65 years were sold a discounted hunting license (i.e., sold a senior hunting license). The fifth stratum consisted of 4,221people that had voluntarily reported information about their hunting activity via the Internet before the random sample was selected. The random sample consisted of 28,505 people from the first stratum; 12,891 from the second stratum; 11,767 from the third stratum; and 5,694 from the fourth stratum. The stratified sampling design accounted for the varying probabilities of being selected from the strata so estimates could be reliably extrapolated from the sample to all license buyers.
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Estimates were calculated separately by the area where the hunt occurred. For consistency with previous surveys, the state was divided into eight areas that closely matched the DNR’s previous wildlife management administrative units (Figure 1). The state was also divided into three ecological regions (UP, Northern LP, and Southern LP). These regions generally matched major ecoregions (Albert 1995), except in the UP where two ecoregions were combined. Ecoregions are regions having similar soils, vegetation, climate, geology, and physiography. Estimates were also calculated for each DMU (Figure 2, Appendix B). Deer harvested from unknown locations were allocated among areas in proportion to the known harvest.
Statistical tests are used routinely to determine the likelihood that the differences among estimates are larger than expected by chance alone. The overlap of 95% confidence intervals was used to determine whether estimates differed. Non-overlapping
95% confidence intervals were equivalent to stating that the difference between the means was larger than would be expected 995 out of 1,000 times, if the study had been repeated (Payton et al. 2003).
Questionnaires were initially mailed during mid-January 2014, and two follow-up questionnaires were mailed to nonrespondents. To increase the number of questionnaires returned, respondents that returned their questionnaire promptly became eligible to win a firearm or bow. Although 58,857 people were sent the questionnaire, 1,540 surveys were undeliverable resulting in an adjusted sample size of 57,317. Questionnaires were returned by 29,035 people (51% response rate).
Estimates of harvest, hunting effort, and hunter participation are affected by the willingness of people to complete and return their questionnaires. This problem can confound comparisons of estimates made between years if response rates vary greatly. The percentage of people returning their questionnaire this year was lower than previous years. To reduce bias caused by this lower response rate, an adjustment was made on the 2013 estimates to make them comparable to the adjusted 2012 estimates (adjusted to a 74% response rate). Estimates of harvest, hunting effort, and hunter numbers were reduced by 6.4%, 4.7%, and 1.9%, respectively, to make estimates comparable to 2013. These reductions reflected the average decline noted between estimates calculated when 51% and 74% of the responses were used in 2000 and 2001 surveys.
RESULTS
In 2014, 664,762 people purchased a license to hunt deer in Michigan. The number of people buying a license in 2014 decreased by nearly 7% from 2013 (712,404 people purchased a license in 2013). Most of the people buying a license were male (89%), and the average age of license buyers was 42 years (Figure 3). Over 12% (81,287) of the license buyers were younger than 17 years old. About 4% (25,961) of the license buyers were younger than 12 years old.
The number of people buying a license in 2014 was about 12% less than the number of people who purchased a license ten years ago in 2004 (755,930 people purchased a license
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in 2004). There were fewer license buyers for most age classes between 14 and 50 years of age in 2014, compared to 2004 (Figure 4). However, there were increased hunter numbers among the youngest and oldest age classes in 2014. The increased hunter numbers in the oldest age classes likely represented the rising share of older people in the population as the baby-boom generation aged and life expectancies have increased. In addition, legalization of crossbow use during the archery season probably increased participation among hunters in the oldest age classes. The increased participation among the youngest hunters likely reflected the lowering of the minimum age requirements. In 2012, the minimum age requirement was eliminated to hunt deer with a firearm, while hunters had to be at least 12 years old to participate in 2004.
The minimum age requirement to hunt deer has been lowered three times during recent years. In 2006, the minimum age for hunting deer with a firearm on private land was lowered from age 14 to 12, and the minimum age for hunting deer with archery equipment on any land type was lowered from age 12 to 10. This change resulted in approximately 15,000 additional youth purchasing a deer hunting license per year starting in 2006 (Figure 5). In 2011, it was legal for 10 and 11 year olds to hunt deer on private land with either a firearm deer license or junior combination deer license. This change resulted in approximately 5,000 additional youth purchasing a deer hunting license per year starting in 2011. In 2012, youth less than 14 years of age could hunt with archery and crossbow equipment on public or private lands or with a firearm on private or Commercial Forest lands only. This change resulted in approximately 12,600 additional youth purchasing a deer hunting license in 2014. The cumulative effect of these 2006-2012 changes resulted in approximately 33,000 additional youth purchasing a deer hunting license in 2014.
The number of 2014 deer harvest tags sold for all license types combined decreased by
10.5% from 2013 (Table 2). License buyers were issued an average of 2.1 harvest tags. About 93% of the license buyers obtained three or fewer harvest tags, and about 99% had five or fewer harvest tags (Figure 6). Hunters most frequently obtained antlerless and combination harvest tags (Figure 7). About 40% of the license buyers purchased at least one antlerless license (267,905 people), and greater than 99% of antlerless license buyers purchased three or fewer antlerless licenses, public and private licenses combined (Figure 8).
The antlerless license quota on private lands decreased 10% from 483,400 in 2013 to 434,000 licenses in 2014 (Appendix A). The quota for public land antlerless licenses decreased 17% from 70,574 to 58,500 between 2013 and 2014. The number of antlerless licenses sold declined by 15% between 2013 and 2014 (Table 2).
About 92.5 ± 0.1% (614,593 hunters) of the people buying a license in 2014 actually spent time hunting deer (Table 3). Most hunters (549,222) pursued deer during the regular firearm season (Figure 9). Statewide, the number of people hunting deer during all seasons combined was about 7% lower than hunter numbers in 2013.
A significantly greater number of people hunted during the late antlerless (11%) season during 2014 (Table 3). Significantly fewer people hunted during the early antlerless (-41%), regular firearm (-7%), and archery (-3%) seasons. The numbers of people hunting in the
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muzzleloader, Liberty, and Independence seasons were not significantly different between 2013 and 2014 (Figure 10).
About 49% of the days hunters spent pursuing deer throughout the state occurred in the archery season (Figure 11). About 40% of the hunting effort occurred during the regular firearm season. Nearly 12% of the hunting effort occurred in the muzzleloader and late antlerless seasons combined. Statewide, hunters devoted an average of 15.1 days afield hunting deer during all seasons combined (Table 4). Archers had the greatest number of days available to hunt deer (77 days) and devoted the greatest number of days afield
(
¯x
= 14.0 days/hunter) (Figure 12, Table 4). For all seasons combined, hunting effort statewide was decreased significantly by 4% between 2013 and 2014 (Table 3). Hunting effort increased significantly during the late firearm season (17%) but decreased significantly during the regular firearm (-9%) and early antlerless (-40%) seasons. Hunting effort was unchanged during the archery, muzzleloader, Liberty, and Independence seasons between 2013 and 2014.
About 329,040 deer were harvested statewide in 2014, which was significantly lower (-15%) than in 2013 (Figures 13-14, Tables 5-6). Regional declines in harvest were greatest in the UP, where overall harvest declined by nearly 36%. Statewide harvest of antlerless deer declined about 18% in 2014, while harvest of antlered deer declined by about 12% from 2013 (Table 5). Between 2013 and 2014, harvest of antlered deer decreased significantly during the regular firearm (16%), Liberty (23%), and muzzleloader (24%) seasons, but was unchanged in other seasons. Harvest of antlerless deer decreased significantly in the archery (11%), regular firearm (18%), muzzleloader (31%), Liberty (39%), and early firearm (47%) seasons but was unchanged in other seasons.
About 54% of the deer harvested (sexes combined) in 2014 were taken during the regular firearm season (Figure 15). Nearly 45% of the antlerless deer and 62% of the antlered bucks were harvested in the regular firearm season. Hunters took 35% of the harvested deer (sexes combined) during archery season. These archers took 34% of the antlerless deer and
35% of the antlered bucks harvested. Few antlered bucks (4%) were taken in the muzzleloader season. The early and late antlerless and muzzleloader seasons combined accounted for about 19% of the antlerless deer harvested.
About 87% of the animals harvested (sexes combined) in 2014 were taken on private lands (Table 7). Statewide, most of the antlerless deer (88%) and antlered bucks (86%) were harvested on private lands.
Statewide, 41% of deer hunters harvested at least one deer (all deer seasons and sexes combined) in 2014 (Figure 16, Table 8), compared to the 43% successful in 2013.
About 20% of hunters took an antlerless deer, and 27% took an antlered buck in 2013.
About 11% of deer hunters harvested two or more deer.
Hunters were most successful in taking a deer during the archery (30%), Liberty (29%), and regular firearm (29%) seasons (Figure 17, Table 9). Hunter success was lowest in the
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muzzleloader (12%) and Independence (13%) seasons. Nearly 19% of hunters took an antlered buck and 12% harvested an antlerless deer during the regular firearm season.
Deer hunters were asked to report how satisfied they were with (1) number of deer seen, (2) number of antlered deer [bucks] seen, (3) number of deer taken, and (4) their overall hunting experience. Statewide, <39% of hunters were satisfied with numbers of deer seen, bucks seen, deer taken, and their overall hunting experience in 2014 (Tables 10-11). Statewide levels of satisfaction decreased significantly for all measures between 2013 and 2014.
Statewide, about 57% of hunters supported the antler point restrictions on buck harvest implemented for the UP (Table 12), and about 63% of the hunters that preferred to hunt in the UP supported the antler point restrictions. Statewide support for the restrictions significantly increased between 2013 and 2014.
Statewide, about 47% of hunters supported the antler point restrictions on buck harvest implemented for the DMU 487 (Table 13), and about 52% of the hunters that preferred to hunt in the northeast LP supported the restrictions. Statewide support for the restrictions in DMU 487 was significantly increased, and opposition decreased significantly between 2013 and 2014 (decreased from 20% to 19%).
About 174,558 hunters used a crossbow during the archery season, and they harvested about 59,266 deer with the crossbow (Tables 14-16). The number of archers using a crossbow increased significantly by 7% from 2013 (162,728 archers in 2013). Harvest of deer by archers using a crossbow was nearly unchanged from last year (58,772 deer taken in 2013). About 30% of these archers using a crossbow in 2014 harvested a deer with a crossbow.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank all the deer hunters that provided information. Heidi Densteadt, Dennis Jablonski,
Mignon Middlebrook, Theresa Riebow, and Krista Stites completed data entry. Alexander Heubel and Jyothirmai Panem developed the internet harvest reporting application. The figure of DMUs was prepared by Marshall Strong. Ashley Autenrieth, Russ Mason, Doug Reeves, and Chad Stewart reviewed a previous version of this report.
LITERATURE CITED
Albert, D. A. 1995. Regional landscape ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin:
a working map and classification. General Technical Report NC-178. U.S. Department
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